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An electric car is an alternative fuel automobile that uses electric motors and motor controllers for propulsion, in place of more common propulsion methods such as the internal combustion engine (ICE). Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric vehicles (EVs). EVs store electricity in an energy storage device, such as a battery. The electricity powers the vehicle's wheels via an electric motor. EVs have limited energy storage capacity, which must be replenished by plugging into an electrical source.
Electric vehicles are different from fossil fuel-powered vehicles in that they can receive their power from a wide range of sources, including fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources such as tidal power, solar power, and wind power or any combination of those. However it is generated, this energy is then transmitted to the vehicle through use of overhead lines, wireless energy transfer such as inductive charging, or a direct connection through an electrical cable. The electricity may then be stored onboard the vehicle using a battery, flywheel, supercapacitor, or fuel cell. Vehicles making use of engines working on the principle of combustion can usually only derive their energy from a single or a few sources, usually non-renewable fossil fuels. A key advantage of electric or hybrid electric vehicles is their ability to recover braking energy as electricity to be restored to the on-board battery (regenerative braking) or sent back to the grid (V2G). At the beginning of the 21st century, increased concern over the environmental impact of the petroleum-based transportation infrastructure, along with the spectre of peak oil, led to renewed interest in an electric transportation infrastructure. As such, vehicles which can potentially be powered by renewable energy sources, such as hybrid electric vehicles or pure electric vehicles, are becoming more popular.
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Electric cars have the potential of significantly reducing city pollution by having zero tail pipe emissions. Vehicle greenhouse gas savings depend on how the electricity is generated. With the U.S. energy mix using an electric car would result in a 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Given the current energy mixes in other countries, it has been predicted that such emissions would decrease by 40% in the UK, 19% in China, and as little as 1% in Germany.
Electric cars are commonly powered by on-board battery packs, and as such are battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Although electric cars often give good acceleration and have generally acceptable top speed, the poorer energy capacity of batteries compared to that of fossil fuels means that electric cars have relatively poor range between charges, and recharging can take significant lengths of time. However, for everyday use, rather than long journeys, electric cars are very practical forms of transportation and can be inexpensively recharged overnight. Other on-board energy storage methods that may give more range or faster recharge are areas of research.
Electric cars are expected to cause a revolution in the auto industry given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on foreign oil imports, and expected rise in gasoline prices.
Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV); the term "electric vehicle" refers to any vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion, while "electric car" generally refers to road-going automobiles powered by electricity. While an electric car's power source is not explicitly an on-board battery, electric cars with motors powered by other energy sources are generally referred to by a different name: an electric car powered by sunlight is a solar car, and an electric car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of hybrid car. Thus, an electric car that derives its power from an on-board battery pack is called a battery electric vehicle (BEV). Most often, the term "electric car" is used to refer to pure battery electric vehicles, such as the REVAi and GM EV1.
In an electric vehicle (EV), a battery or other energy storage device is used to store the electricity that powers the motor. EV batteries must be replenished by plugging in the vehicle to a power source. Some electric vehicles have onboard chargers; others plug into a charger located outside the vehicle. Both types, however, use electricity that comes from the power grid. Although electricity production may contribute to air pollution, EVs are considered zero-emission vehicles because their motors produce no exhaust or emissions.
There are currently no light-duty electric vehicles available from the major auto manufacturers. Neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), on the other hand, are being manufactured by a variety of companies. These small vehicles are commonly used for neighborhood commuting, light hauling, and delivery. Their use is limited to areas with 35 mph speed limits or for off-road service on college campus or at airports or resort areas.
Because they are limited to speeds of 25 mpg or less, NEVs are not considered light-duty vehicles and are not eligible for fleet credit under the Energy Policy Act of 1992 Standard Compliance option and Federal Fleet Requirements. However, their versatility in moving people through limited commute areas makes them useful in a variety of applications. Other useful EVs in niche applications include electric scooters and bikes.
Comparison with internal combustion engine vehicles
An important goal for electric vehicles is overcoming the disparity between their costs of development, production, and operation, with respect to those of equivalent internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs).
Running costs
Given the Tesla Roadster's plug-to-wheel mileage of 280 W·h/mi and an arbitrary electricity price of $0.10/kW·h, driving a Tesla Roadster 40 miles a day would cost $1.12. For comparison, driving an internal combustion engine-powered car the same 40 miles, at a mileage of 25 mpg, would use 1.6 gallons of fuel and, at a cost of $3 per gallon, would cost $4.80. This is approximately 4 times more expensive than charging the electric car. This cost advantage varies depending on the costs of gasoline and electricity, the mileages of the vehicles, and the type of driving being considered.
Electric cars run at least partially on electricity. Unlike conventional vehicles that use a gasoline or diesel-powered engine, electric cars and trucks use an electric motor powered by electricity from batteries or a fuel cell.
Not all electric vehicles (or “EVs”) work the same way. "Plug-in hybrids" offer both a gasoline or diesel engine and an electric motor: the motor is powered by a battery that can be recharged by plugging in. Other EVs forgo liquid fuels entirely, operating exclusively on electricity ("battery electric" vehicles). Still others power an electric motor by converting hydrogen gas into electricity ("hydrogen fuel cell" vehicles).
Conventional hybrid vehicles also have an electric motor, but aren’t considered EVs as they can’t be plugged-in.
Emissions from electric vehicles depend on where the vehicle is charged.
In terms of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, electric cars and trucks are often cleaner than even the most efficient conventional vehicles. Exactly how clean depends on the type of vehicle and the source of the electricity. When battery electric EVs are powered by the cleanest electricity grids, greenhouse gas emissions from EVs are comparable to a car getting over 100 miles per gallon. When charged exclusively with renewable electricity like solar or wind, charging and operating an EV can be nearly emission free.
Though electric cars can be more expensive to purchase than their conventional counterparts, the higher upfront cost is often reduced through federal and state incentives. The cost to refuel an electric car can also be a fraction of the cost of gasoline, meaning that electric cars can have a lower total cost of ownership. Switching to an electric car can save on average over $700 a year in fueling costs, and over one thousand dollars a year in some cities.
Plug-in hybrids can offer increased environmental performance and lower refueling costs compared to conventional vehicles. Because they are rechargeable from an outlet, they replace miles that would have been driven on gasoline with electricity, using the gasoline engine on longer trips. To use a plug-in hybrid effectively, drivers do need access to a place to park and plug-in, though a regular 120V outlet is usually sufficient. And since most plug-in hybrids are passenger cars, prospective buyers shouldn't regularly require space for more than five occupants, and they shouldn't need to tow. Learn more about how plug-in vehicles work >
Battery-electric cars use electricity as their only fuel, so it is important to match the battery range to the intended use of the vehicle. However, recharging away from home is becoming easier as public and workplace charging stations become more widely available. And since battery-electric cars have no tailpipe emissions and replace gasoline with electricity, they can be some of the greenest cars available, perfect for climate-conscious commuters or multi-car households that take lots of short-distance trips. Learn more about how battery-electrics work >
For drivers interested in the cutting-edge, fuel cell vehicles are a small but growing segment of EVs, particularly in California. These vehicles offer some significant benefits—including fast refueling times and long driving ranges—but also require hydrogen refueling stations, which at present aren't widely available. Learn more about how fuel cells and fuel cell vehicles work >
Conventional hybrids may also make sense in cases where electric cars don’t match a driver’s needs. Hybrids retain the range and convenience of conventional vehicles, while offering the increased efficiency of an electric motor. Since they derive all their power from gasoline or diesel, non-plug-in hybrids aren’t considered electric vehicles. Learn more about how hybrids work >
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An electric car carrying solar panels to power it is a solar car, and an electric car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of hybrid car. An electric car is a plug-in electric automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy typically stored in rechargeable batteries
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